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hi everyone welcome to today's live

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stream my name is elizabeth and i'm here

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on behalf of the hubble space telescope

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outreach team at nasa's goddard space

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flight center today we're so excited to

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share newly released hubble images of 30

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beautiful celestial objects in honor of

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hubble's 30th anniversary year we're

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live now on facebook and youtube so feel

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free to comment your questions and we'll

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try to get to them later in the show or

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afterward on social media

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so this has been quite the landmark year

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for the hubble space telescope which has

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been orbiting above earth's murky

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atmosphere for 30 years since april

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1990. hubble continues to bring us

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stunning discoveries and images of our

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universe

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joining me today we have hubble senior

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project scientist dr jennifer wiseman

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and deputy director for science

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communication dr michelle thawler

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let's go ahead and take a look at some

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of these new images now

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all these objects belong to something

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called the caldwell catalog

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these images are really gorgeous aren't

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they

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so the caldwell catalog includes

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galaxies star clusters and nebulas which

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are clouds of dust and gas in space

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let's go ahead and jump right in first

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up we have an image of caldwell 45.

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cultural 45 this is a gorgeous spiral

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galaxy and it has something called

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nuclear rings so jennifer can you

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explain what that means

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sure so this galaxy just spectacular in

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this image

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is showing off its big spiral arms which

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you can see reaching around the outer

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parts of the galaxy you can see a lot of

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dust in these spiral arms and you can

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see these kind of purplish hot spots

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these are regions where star formation

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is particularly active

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and the bright light from those massive

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stars is ionizing the gas giving us

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these beautiful colors in the core you

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see this glow of yellowish

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light there's so many stars there that

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the starlight just kind of blends

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together

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and around the center of this galaxy we

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have a ring of particularly bright

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emission

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this is a caused when there's the

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conditions are just right in galaxies

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like this for intense star formation so

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this galaxy is producing new stars at a

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high rate and in particular in that ring

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yeah it's really beautiful we've got

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another image of a spiral galaxy called

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both 36

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so color 36 it seems like we're almost

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missing a chunk of the photo here so

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what are we seeing jennifer or not

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seeing it

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that's a good question so first of all

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you see that it's a beautiful spiral

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galaxy another case of of just a

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marvelous windmill type pattern of

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spiral arms with lots of stars star

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formation dusty regions

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that kind of stair step shape in the

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upper right is actually an aspect of the

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camera that was used to take this image

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the wide field planetary camera 2 is

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almost like having four cameras in the

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four quadrants of this region and the

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upper right quadrant that camera

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actually can see things in higher detail

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than the other three quadrants the other

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three cameras

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so if we want it all to kind of be at

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the same resolution we have to shrink

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down the image from that upper right

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camera or that upper right quadrant so

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that it matches the same resolution

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capability of the other three quadrants

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or the other three camera pieces and

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when we shrink it down it kind of gives

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us this resulting stair step pattern in

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the final image

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but if you can kind of ignore the

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stair-step pattern you can see the

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gorgeous gorgeous central part of this

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galaxy and the spiral arms around it and

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again another example of nature's a

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spectacular means of arranging stars

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and continuing the production of new

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stars in active spiral galaxies like

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this one

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yeah thank you jennifer we've got

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another beautiful galaxy image of

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caldwell 29

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astronomers suspect that there is a

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supermassive black hole so michelle

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could you tell us more about what black

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holes are

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oh absolutely so i mean the amazing

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thing about a black hole is that it's a

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region of the universe where gravity is

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so extreme it can actually suck light in

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itself and that's why we call them black

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holes

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being formed by stars that die and their

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their cores collapse under the force of

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gravity but in this case we're talking

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here about a super massive black hole in

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the center of a galaxy black holes can

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get to millions or even billions of

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times the mass of our sun

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so this galaxy has a particularly

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mysterious bright center and although

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we're seeing visible light here in

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hubble and uh maybe a little bit into

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the ultraviolet and infrared what we

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also measure from this galaxy is x-ray

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light x-ray light is only naturally

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produced when the gases reach

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temperatures of over millions of degrees

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so as things fall in closer to this huge

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black hole they get caught by the black

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hole's gravity and accelerated faster

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and faster around almost like water

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going down a drain all of that friction

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heats the gas up to millions of degrees

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and it flickers on and off in x-ray

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light so in the core of this galaxy that

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you're looking at here there is a

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monstrous huge black hole and one of the

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big mysteries that hubble and other

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telescopes are trying to solve right now

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is how black holes could actually grow

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that big millions or billions of stars

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must have gone into that black hole

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wow

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so the caldwell catalog also contains

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something called planetary nebulas like

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this image of caldwell 56

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but the term planetary nebula is a

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little bit misleading so michelle what

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are we looking at

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well sure so here we're looking at

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something closer to us when you look out

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to galaxies you're looking at things

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that are millions or tens of millions of

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light years away in this case this is a

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nebula a glowing cloud of gas that's in

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our own galaxy about 1 600 light years

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away and as you mentioned we call these

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planetary nebulas but unfortunately that

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name was picked before we really

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understood what they were we saw all

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this glowing material around a star and

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we thought hey maybe there are planets

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forming but instead of the birth of a

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solar system what we're actually looking

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at here is the death of a solar system

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planetary nebulas are formed when a star

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begins to die and it bloats up to huge

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sizes then begins to drift away into

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space

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and what's left at the very center of

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this nebula is a white dwarf star a star

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that's actually just lost its nuclear

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reactions entirely and is slowly cooling

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off so this is a wonderful planetary

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nebula that it's a little bit poignant

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we're actually looking at the death of a

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solar system and that's the gases that

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you see glowing here being unraveled

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from this dying star

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very cool thank you michelle

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so the next cosmic object we're going to

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look at is caldwell 73 which is a

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globular cluster you can find caldwell

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73 in the southern skies with binoculars

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but michelle what exactly is a globular

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cluster

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oh these are absolutely wonderful these

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are the largest star clusters that are

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part of our galaxy the milky way they

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orbit around the milky way but not

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actually usually in the disk of the

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milky way we are in this disk of gas and

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dust going around the globular clusters

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are going every which way around the

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milky way sort of like a swarm of angry

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bees and they are huge

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this particular globular cluster the

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center of it is about 40 000 light years

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away from the sun

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and um it has the mass of over half a

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million suns and because we think that

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most of the stars in this uh globular

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cluster are actually not as massive as

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the sun that means it probably has a

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million stars or more

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the amazing thing about these globular

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clusters is they're also very old so

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this particular cluster we estimate to

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be a little bit over nine billion years

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old and when you think about the sun

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being somewhere between four and a half

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and five billion years old this is an

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old cluster indeed so these clusters may

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give us clues about how the galaxy

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formed and even what the universe was

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like many billions of years before the

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sun the earth formed so it's absolutely

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lovely i mean doesn't it look like sort

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of scattered diamonds and jewels on

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black velvet you know i i've had the uh

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the privilege to be looking at this

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cluster in the southern hemisphere and

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you know even through a small telescope

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it is absolutely spectacular

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yes it definitely is

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now one of the coolest things about

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hubble is that it can look at cosmic

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objects in different wavelengths of

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light so let's take this image of

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caldwell 52

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hubble was able to image this galaxy

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this elliptical galaxy in both visible

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light and infrared so jennifer when

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hubble is looking at an object in the

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infrared what is that telling us

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we are so fortunate that hubble is able

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to look at objects like this galaxy with

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different kinds of of eyes if you will

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certainly we can look in visible light

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but hubble also has the capability of

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taking in ultraviolet light which is

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bluer than blue and also

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somewhat into the infrared part of the

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electromagnetic spectrum of light so

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redder than red

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when hubble looks at visible light it's

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capturing starlight in visible light and

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also sometimes you can see

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regions where dust in the galaxy is

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blocking out some of that starlight so

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you can kind of see the blockage there

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when we look in the infrared part of the

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spectrum using hubble's infrared

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capabilities

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we can see more of the reddish stars

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throughout the galaxy and more of the

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emission coming from dust throughout the

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galaxy as well kind of the glow from

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dusty regions heated regions and if we

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can combine what we see in infrared

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light with what we see in visible light

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we get a much richer picture of what

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we're seeing in that galaxy we can learn

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a lot more so in the hubble image you

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can actually see the infrared uh picture

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up at the top middle the visible light

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in the bottom and the combination of the

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two in the upper right and you can see

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how much we can see and learn a lot more

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by having both visible and infrared

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light combined

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definitely

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and jennifer even after 30 years hubble

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is still bringing us amazing views of

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the universe so could you tell us what

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this landmark anniversary means for the

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mission

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well we are delighted that the hubble

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space telescope is working very well

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even though it's been operating in space

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for 30 years it's a satellite in orbit

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around planet earth it was launched and

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deployed by the space shuttle back in

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1990

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and thankfully we've had several return

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visits from astronauts to the hubble

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space telescope over the years each time

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astronauts have returned to hubble

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they've been able to repair things or

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install new and improved

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instruments including science

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instruments so we now have on hubble a

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really fantastic suite of cameras and

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spectrographs

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we have good gyroscopes and batteries

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that help us be able to operate the

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telescope and point it accurately

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and we're confident that the hubble

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space telescope will be able to operate

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well for quite a few years to come

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hopefully throughout most of this decade

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and maybe beyond and that's good news

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for science because hubble right now is

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really at the peak of its scientific

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capability even 30 years into its

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mission

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we're doing things with hubble now that

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we hadn't even imagined before it was

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launched like studying the atmospheres

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of exoplanets planets orbiting stars

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other than our sun outside of our solar

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system

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and we're looking ever more deeply into

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the universe at distant galaxies as well

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understanding the history of the

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universe

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we are also looking forward to hubble

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operating uh in complement with the

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james webb space telescope that is due

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to launch the latter part of next year

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when web

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launches and operates it will be a

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wonderful telescope that's very adept in

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the infrared part of the spectrum

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looking deeper into the infrared than

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hubble can

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can achieve

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well whereas hubble can see visible and

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ultraviolet light that the web telescope

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won't see so in complement these two

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observatories will be a very powerful

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tool for understanding distant galaxies

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the early universe and also star and

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planet formation in our nearby

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gala our own galaxy as well

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so we're very excited to celebrate

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hubble's 30th birthday both for looking

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back but also for looking forward to

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what we're going to learn about the

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fantastic so if you're just joining us

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00:13:01,509 --> 00:12:59,600
for live and talking about newly

348
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released hubble images of objects from

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something called the caldwell catalog

350
00:13:06,470 --> 00:13:05,040
the coolest part about the callable

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catalog is that you can find these

352
00:13:10,470 --> 00:13:08,240
cosmic objects in the night sky with

353
00:13:13,509 --> 00:13:10,480
telescopes or sometimes even with just

354
00:13:15,750 --> 00:13:13,519
binoculars or your eyes but what exactly

355
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is the caldwell catalog

356
00:13:19,750 --> 00:13:17,760
joining me now we have hubble's science

357
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operations manager kevin hartnett and

358
00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:21,920
our lead science writer vanessa thomas

359
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they're also both amateur astronomers

360
00:13:27,350 --> 00:13:24,800
which means they use their own

361
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telescopes to look at the night sky

362
00:13:30,790 --> 00:13:29,120
so vanessa you are responsible for

363
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pulling together this collection of

364
00:13:34,389 --> 00:13:32,480
images could you tell us what the

365
00:13:36,790 --> 00:13:34,399
caldwell catalog is and what its purpose

366
00:13:43,430 --> 00:13:39,990
yes of course the cultural catalog is a

367
00:13:46,470 --> 00:13:43,440
collection of a 109 celestial objects

368
00:13:49,030 --> 00:13:46,480
galaxies star clusters and nebulas that

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as you said can be seen with uh

370
00:13:53,350 --> 00:13:51,839
amateur-sized telescopes and sometimes

371
00:13:54,949 --> 00:13:53,360
uh they are bright enough that you can

372
00:13:57,030 --> 00:13:54,959
see them with binoculars or even the

373
00:14:00,230 --> 00:13:57,040
naked eye and the collection was put

374
00:14:01,110 --> 00:14:00,240
together by a man uh named sir patrick

375
00:14:03,350 --> 00:14:01,120
moore

376
00:14:05,590 --> 00:14:03,360
and he was a british amateur astronomer

377
00:14:07,910 --> 00:14:05,600
and science communicator and he put the

378
00:14:10,710 --> 00:14:07,920
collection together for fellow amateur

379
00:14:12,949 --> 00:14:10,720
astronomers to uh have some targets to

380
00:14:14,870 --> 00:14:12,959
look at with their own telescopes he

381
00:14:17,189 --> 00:14:14,880
found these objects interesting and

382
00:14:20,150 --> 00:14:17,199
wanted to share his list with others and

383
00:14:21,829 --> 00:14:20,160
it was inspired by a more famous catalog

384
00:14:23,829 --> 00:14:21,839
that was put together even earlier

385
00:14:25,350 --> 00:14:23,839
called the messier catalog that was put

386
00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:25,360
together by a french

387
00:14:30,150 --> 00:14:27,360
astronomer and that also included

388
00:14:32,550 --> 00:14:30,160
galaxies star clusters and nebulas that

389
00:14:34,710 --> 00:14:32,560
amateurs can see with their with their

390
00:14:36,550 --> 00:14:34,720
own telescopes the difference between

391
00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:36,560
the two catalogs is that messier's

392
00:14:40,949 --> 00:14:38,720
catalog included only objects that could

393
00:14:43,430 --> 00:14:40,959
be seen in the northern hemisphere while

394
00:14:45,910 --> 00:14:43,440
where the caldwell catalog

395
00:14:48,150 --> 00:14:45,920
includes objects can be seen uh in both

396
00:14:50,230 --> 00:14:48,160
the northern and southern hemispheres so

397
00:14:53,590 --> 00:14:50,240
wherever you live in the world you can

398
00:14:55,829 --> 00:14:53,600
see some of the caldwell catalog objects

399
00:14:57,670 --> 00:14:55,839
that's awesome thank you vanessa so

400
00:14:59,590 --> 00:14:57,680
kevin speaking of finding these caldwell

401
00:15:01,590 --> 00:14:59,600
objects in the night sky you actually

402
00:15:03,430 --> 00:15:01,600
took an image of caldwell 14 which is

403
00:15:05,350 --> 00:15:03,440
the double cluster in the constellation

404
00:15:07,189 --> 00:15:05,360
perseus let's go ahead and take a

405
00:15:09,189 --> 00:15:07,199
side-by-side look of the image you got

406
00:15:10,949 --> 00:15:09,199
and the image that hubble has both

407
00:15:12,550 --> 00:15:10,959
images look amazing so could you tell us

408
00:15:14,470 --> 00:15:12,560
a bit more about them and how people

409
00:15:16,870 --> 00:15:14,480
could find caldwell objects in the night

410
00:15:22,550 --> 00:15:19,509
sure well caldwell 14

411
00:15:24,949 --> 00:15:22,560
is an amazing object and this is a great

412
00:15:26,710 --> 00:15:24,959
time of the year to see it it's located

413
00:15:30,629 --> 00:15:26,720
in the night sky between the

414
00:15:33,030 --> 00:15:30,639
constellations of cassiopeia and perseus

415
00:15:36,230 --> 00:15:33,040
and is frequently called the double

416
00:15:39,110 --> 00:15:36,240
cluster in perseus and you can see why

417
00:15:41,670 --> 00:15:39,120
with a small telescope from a dark site

418
00:15:42,470 --> 00:15:41,680
you can see basically what i've imaged

419
00:15:44,230 --> 00:15:42,480
here

420
00:15:46,550 --> 00:15:44,240
two distinct

421
00:15:50,069 --> 00:15:46,560
open clusters of stars

422
00:15:52,870 --> 00:15:50,079
each with hundreds of glittering members

423
00:15:58,310 --> 00:15:52,880
it's really an unforgettable sight

424
00:16:03,350 --> 00:16:02,150
this graphic shows the location of

425
00:16:05,910 --> 00:16:03,360
hubble's

426
00:16:07,670 --> 00:16:05,920
image in the greater context of the

427
00:16:09,829 --> 00:16:07,680
double cluster

428
00:16:11,670 --> 00:16:09,839
one thing stands out immediately

429
00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:11,680
hubble's field of view

430
00:16:16,870 --> 00:16:14,800
is tiny compared to the size of the

431
00:16:18,389 --> 00:16:16,880
double cluster it would take hubble

432
00:16:20,470 --> 00:16:18,399
space telescope

433
00:16:22,310 --> 00:16:20,480
hundreds of images

434
00:16:26,069 --> 00:16:22,320
all stitched together to form a big

435
00:16:28,550 --> 00:16:26,079
mosaic to capture all of caldwell 14.

436
00:16:31,430 --> 00:16:28,560
this is one of the reasons why nasa is

437
00:16:33,509 --> 00:16:31,440
preparing the w first mission

438
00:16:35,509 --> 00:16:33,519
because this space telescope with one

439
00:16:38,550 --> 00:16:35,519
shot will take

440
00:16:41,189 --> 00:16:38,560
all of caldwell 14 with the resolution

441
00:16:43,670 --> 00:16:41,199
of the hubble space telescope

442
00:16:46,230 --> 00:16:43,680
now how do we find

443
00:16:48,069 --> 00:16:46,240
the caldwell cattle

444
00:16:48,949 --> 00:16:48,079
objects in the night sky

445
00:16:51,350 --> 00:16:48,959
well

446
00:16:54,310 --> 00:16:51,360
um if you don't have a motorized go-to

447
00:16:57,030 --> 00:16:54,320
telescope you'll need different things

448
00:16:59,749 --> 00:16:57,040
uh first you'll need a good listing of

449
00:17:02,069 --> 00:16:59,759
the objects and some detailed star

450
00:17:04,870 --> 00:17:02,079
charts for where to find them now these

451
00:17:07,829 --> 00:17:04,880
thankfully are easily available online

452
00:17:10,789 --> 00:17:07,839
or in an atlas or even in a phone app

453
00:17:12,870 --> 00:17:10,799
second you need a dark spot get out away

454
00:17:14,069 --> 00:17:12,880
from city lights if you can

455
00:17:16,390 --> 00:17:14,079
and

456
00:17:18,549 --> 00:17:16,400
let your eyes dark adapt to the night

457
00:17:20,949 --> 00:17:18,559
sky and you'll begin to see those

458
00:17:23,669 --> 00:17:20,959
fainter stars and constellations that

459
00:17:26,309 --> 00:17:23,679
you can't see from the city location

460
00:17:28,789 --> 00:17:26,319
it's helpful at this

461
00:17:32,070 --> 00:17:28,799
in this regard to go on on a night when

462
00:17:35,350 --> 00:17:32,080
there isn't a bright moon in the sky

463
00:17:37,510 --> 00:17:35,360
then you need to choose your optical aid

464
00:17:40,390 --> 00:17:37,520
based on the

465
00:17:42,470 --> 00:17:40,400
brightness and the size of the object

466
00:17:44,070 --> 00:17:42,480
that you're looking for so

467
00:17:47,190 --> 00:17:44,080
again you can use anything from

468
00:17:48,789 --> 00:17:47,200
binoculars like these seven by fifties

469
00:17:50,789 --> 00:17:48,799
which are great

470
00:17:53,270 --> 00:17:50,799
or a small telescope like this three and

471
00:17:54,710 --> 00:17:53,280
a half inch here or for some of the

472
00:17:55,830 --> 00:17:54,720
fainter objects

473
00:17:57,990 --> 00:17:55,840
um

474
00:18:01,350 --> 00:17:58,000
something in a six inch class like this

475
00:18:04,390 --> 00:18:02,150
so

476
00:18:05,590 --> 00:18:04,400
final thing is really to remember

477
00:18:09,029 --> 00:18:05,600
patience

478
00:18:11,990 --> 00:18:09,039
and persistence this is a treasure hunt

479
00:18:14,390 --> 00:18:12,000
and imagine what it's like

480
00:18:16,789 --> 00:18:14,400
to see with your own eye in the

481
00:18:19,190 --> 00:18:16,799
telescope the light from a distant

482
00:18:21,270 --> 00:18:19,200
galaxy that's millions of millions of

483
00:18:25,430 --> 00:18:21,280
light years away

484
00:18:27,590 --> 00:18:25,440
it's really worth it it's unforgettable

485
00:18:29,190 --> 00:18:27,600
thank you so much kevin before we jump

486
00:18:31,669 --> 00:18:29,200
into some audio questions let's check

487
00:18:33,350 --> 00:18:31,679
back in with vanessa so vanessa there

488
00:18:35,990 --> 00:18:33,360
are more images and information about

489
00:18:37,590 --> 00:18:36,000
the caldwell catalog online so could you

490
00:18:40,150 --> 00:18:37,600
tell us more about what we can find on

491
00:18:43,669 --> 00:18:40,160
hubble's website

492
00:18:47,190 --> 00:18:43,679
absolutely if you go to nasa.gov

493
00:18:49,510 --> 00:18:47,200
hubble you will find uh a link to our

494
00:18:51,029 --> 00:18:49,520
caldwell catalog and there you'll find

495
00:18:54,070 --> 00:18:51,039
some background information about the

496
00:18:56,470 --> 00:18:54,080
catalog and hubble's uh images of these

497
00:18:58,470 --> 00:18:56,480
objects and you'll see a gallery of all

498
00:19:00,390 --> 00:18:58,480
of the objects in the caldwell catalog

499
00:19:01,990 --> 00:19:00,400
that hubble has has observed and we've

500
00:19:03,190 --> 00:19:02,000
released images of

501
00:19:05,029 --> 00:19:03,200
and you'll see some of the new ones

502
00:19:06,870 --> 00:19:05,039
highlighted and new and if you click on

503
00:19:09,590 --> 00:19:06,880
one of those objects you'll get it the

504
00:19:11,270 --> 00:19:09,600
full image and you may even see more

505
00:19:13,590 --> 00:19:11,280
images than just one because sometimes

506
00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:13,600
hubble has seen more uh or taken more

507
00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:14,720
than one

508
00:19:19,669 --> 00:19:17,440
image of an object and uh you'll find

509
00:19:21,830 --> 00:19:19,679
some information about that object as

510
00:19:23,990 --> 00:19:21,840
well as how to observe it uh you'll see

511
00:19:26,630 --> 00:19:24,000
a basic star chart that'll give you an

512
00:19:27,830 --> 00:19:26,640
idea of where the object is located in

513
00:19:29,590 --> 00:19:27,840
the night sky

514
00:19:31,590 --> 00:19:29,600
and it'll tell you what constellation

515
00:19:34,549 --> 00:19:31,600
it's in and what time of year to look

516
00:19:36,470 --> 00:19:34,559
for this object if you look at the at

517
00:19:39,029 --> 00:19:36,480
the description it'll give you more

518
00:19:41,190 --> 00:19:39,039
detail about whether it's in the

519
00:19:43,110 --> 00:19:41,200
northern hemisphere sky or if it's in

520
00:19:45,510 --> 00:19:43,120
the southern hemisphere sky and whether

521
00:19:48,950 --> 00:19:45,520
you need a telescope or binoculars or if

522
00:19:52,789 --> 00:19:50,789
great thank you all right now we're

523
00:19:55,270 --> 00:19:52,799
going to take a look at some questions

524
00:19:57,029 --> 00:19:55,280
we have one from facebook okay so what

525
00:19:58,870 --> 00:19:57,039
can hubble tell us about elusive

526
00:20:01,590 --> 00:19:58,880
phenomena like singularities and

527
00:20:02,950 --> 00:20:01,600
gravitational distortions

528
00:20:04,549 --> 00:20:02,960
jennifer would you be interested in that

529
00:20:07,350 --> 00:20:04,559
or michelle

530
00:20:10,310 --> 00:20:07,360
feel free to jump in

531
00:20:11,669 --> 00:20:10,320
i can take a shot at it um we are able

532
00:20:15,029 --> 00:20:11,679
to see

533
00:20:17,510 --> 00:20:15,039
uh the effects of some of these unseen

534
00:20:20,630 --> 00:20:17,520
phenomena so let's take

535
00:20:23,029 --> 00:20:20,640
dark matter for example we now know that

536
00:20:25,510 --> 00:20:23,039
the majority of mass

537
00:20:27,669 --> 00:20:25,520
in the universe is unseen it's dark

538
00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:27,679
matter but we know it's there because of

539
00:20:33,190 --> 00:20:30,400
its effects it's gravitational effects

540
00:20:34,549 --> 00:20:33,200
one of those effects of dark matter is

541
00:20:37,669 --> 00:20:34,559
to actually

542
00:20:40,149 --> 00:20:37,679
distort space-time all mass actually can

543
00:20:42,230 --> 00:20:40,159
do this and if you have a lot of matter

544
00:20:44,950 --> 00:20:42,240
together such as in a cluster of

545
00:20:47,669 --> 00:20:44,960
galaxies there's a lot more dark matter

546
00:20:49,669 --> 00:20:47,679
than the visible star light and that can

547
00:20:52,070 --> 00:20:49,679
actually distort space-time

548
00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:52,080
significantly enough that when we look

549
00:20:56,390 --> 00:20:53,760
at that region with the hubble space

550
00:20:58,390 --> 00:20:56,400
telescope the light coming through that

551
00:21:02,470 --> 00:20:58,400
distorted region from a background

552
00:21:03,990 --> 00:21:02,480
galaxy will get magnified and distorted

553
00:21:06,390 --> 00:21:04,000
stretched out sometimes we'll see

554
00:21:09,350 --> 00:21:06,400
multiple apparitions of that background

555
00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:09,360
galaxy we call this gravitational

556
00:21:13,270 --> 00:21:10,640
lensing

557
00:21:16,310 --> 00:21:13,280
and through it we're able to discover

558
00:21:18,630 --> 00:21:16,320
and detect and map out the distribution

559
00:21:20,710 --> 00:21:18,640
of dark matter in that cluster of

560
00:21:23,430 --> 00:21:20,720
galaxies even though we can't see the

561
00:21:25,590 --> 00:21:23,440
dark matter and we can also learn things

562
00:21:27,909 --> 00:21:25,600
from the background galaxies that are

563
00:21:29,430 --> 00:21:27,919
very distant but are getting magnified

564
00:21:31,750 --> 00:21:29,440
by this effect

565
00:21:33,590 --> 00:21:31,760
so that's one of these sort of unseen

566
00:21:35,830 --> 00:21:33,600
phenomena that hubble is very good at

567
00:21:38,310 --> 00:21:35,840
studying because we can see its effects

568
00:21:40,310 --> 00:21:38,320
through gravitational lensing

569
00:21:43,430 --> 00:21:40,320
we're also contributing to the study of

570
00:21:45,990 --> 00:21:43,440
dark energy this is the the mysterious

571
00:21:48,310 --> 00:21:46,000
force that seems to be propelling the

572
00:21:49,909 --> 00:21:48,320
expansion of the universe to faster and

573
00:21:51,590 --> 00:21:49,919
faster rates

574
00:21:53,590 --> 00:21:51,600
hubble as well as telescopes on the

575
00:21:56,390 --> 00:21:53,600
ground working together were used to

576
00:21:58,630 --> 00:21:56,400
actually determine that our universe

577
00:22:01,029 --> 00:21:58,640
is not only expanding but accelerating

578
00:22:03,750 --> 00:22:01,039
and we're using these telescopes to

579
00:22:05,830 --> 00:22:03,760
get a more precise measurement of that

580
00:22:07,830 --> 00:22:05,840
rate of expansion of the universe now

581
00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:07,840
and the history of that expansion over

582
00:22:12,470 --> 00:22:10,080
time we don't yet know exactly what dark

583
00:22:14,870 --> 00:22:12,480
energy is but hubble is giving us a lot

584
00:22:17,350 --> 00:22:14,880
new a lot of new information to help us

585
00:22:18,950 --> 00:22:17,360
find out

586
00:22:20,870 --> 00:22:18,960
great thanks jennifer

587
00:22:24,149 --> 00:22:20,880
okay one other question we have so are

588
00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:24,159
these actually photos taken by hubble as

589
00:22:28,070 --> 00:22:25,840
it is or is it like a reconstruction of

590
00:22:29,270 --> 00:22:28,080
raw images so maybe if someone wants to

591
00:22:30,870 --> 00:22:29,280
talk about

592
00:22:34,230 --> 00:22:30,880
how we get the hubble images that we see

593
00:22:38,630 --> 00:22:36,630
let's see

594
00:22:40,630 --> 00:22:38,640
all right

595
00:22:42,710 --> 00:22:40,640
sounds good i can take that

596
00:22:45,190 --> 00:22:42,720
i uh so

597
00:22:47,430 --> 00:22:45,200
humble takes images in black and white

598
00:22:49,990 --> 00:22:47,440
actually through different filters so it

599
00:22:51,590 --> 00:22:50,000
uses filters to isolate the type of

600
00:22:54,310 --> 00:22:51,600
wavelength that astronomers want to

601
00:22:55,990 --> 00:22:54,320
observe so hubble's images actually come

602
00:22:58,470 --> 00:22:56,000
down black and white and to get color

603
00:23:01,750 --> 00:22:58,480
images we have to take multiple uh

604
00:23:05,110 --> 00:23:01,760
images exposures in multiple filters

605
00:23:07,510 --> 00:23:05,120
so we put those multiple filter images

606
00:23:10,870 --> 00:23:07,520
together to create these beautiful color

607
00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:10,880
images that you see and uh yes and we do

608
00:23:17,270 --> 00:23:13,520
additional processing uh sometimes um

609
00:23:20,070 --> 00:23:17,280
hubble takes uh multiple images of an

610
00:23:22,149 --> 00:23:20,080
object uh because maybe the object is

611
00:23:24,549 --> 00:23:22,159
too large to fit in the field of view so

612
00:23:26,470 --> 00:23:24,559
we have to take multiple images to

613
00:23:28,950 --> 00:23:26,480
to get the whole object or to get more

614
00:23:30,789 --> 00:23:28,960
of the object of interest and so we have

615
00:23:32,390 --> 00:23:30,799
to mosaic those images together as well

616
00:23:33,830 --> 00:23:32,400
so there is some processing that goes on

617
00:23:34,870 --> 00:23:33,840
yes

618
00:23:36,789 --> 00:23:34,880
gotcha

619
00:23:38,710 --> 00:23:36,799
thanks vanessa awesome okay so on

620
00:23:41,190 --> 00:23:38,720
facebook it sounds like we have someone

621
00:23:43,110 --> 00:23:41,200
who is a beginner amateur astronomer

622
00:23:47,190 --> 00:23:43,120
looking for some tips so kevin do you

623
00:23:52,950 --> 00:23:50,390
well um my best tip for folks that are

624
00:23:55,029 --> 00:23:52,960
getting into astronomy is to find a

625
00:23:57,830 --> 00:23:55,039
friend to do it with now one has to be

626
00:24:00,470 --> 00:23:57,840
careful these days because of covid of

627
00:24:01,750 --> 00:24:00,480
course uh to be in a group doing this

628
00:24:04,549 --> 00:24:01,760
but there are

629
00:24:06,310 --> 00:24:04,559
clubs many clubs out there for

630
00:24:11,750 --> 00:24:06,320
astronomer

631
00:24:14,310 --> 00:24:11,760
if you join a club which meet virtually

632
00:24:17,110 --> 00:24:14,320
now you can learn a lot about different

633
00:24:19,590 --> 00:24:17,120
types of telescopes

634
00:24:22,230 --> 00:24:19,600
different tricks to observe

635
00:24:23,909 --> 00:24:22,240
and it's all very helpful

636
00:24:24,870 --> 00:24:23,919
rather than trying to do it alone so

637
00:24:26,950 --> 00:24:24,880
that's

638
00:24:27,909 --> 00:24:26,960
really perhaps the best tip that i can

639
00:24:30,149 --> 00:24:27,919
give you

640
00:24:32,310 --> 00:24:30,159
don't do it by yourself or if you feel

641
00:24:33,750 --> 00:24:32,320
like you have to because of covid take

642
00:24:35,990 --> 00:24:33,760
advantage of

643
00:24:38,149 --> 00:24:36,000
online meetings or

644
00:24:39,669 --> 00:24:38,159
youtube videos there's lots of them out

645
00:24:43,029 --> 00:24:39,679
there that describe

646
00:24:45,110 --> 00:24:43,039
uh telescopes or binoculars and how to

647
00:24:48,390 --> 00:24:45,120
use them uh there's a wealth of

648
00:24:50,230 --> 00:24:48,400
information online these days

649
00:24:52,310 --> 00:24:50,240
great thank you kevin all right i think

650
00:24:55,909 --> 00:24:52,320
we're just gonna do one more uh from

651
00:24:57,590 --> 00:24:55,919
facebook how far away is hubble from us

652
00:25:01,590 --> 00:24:57,600
so

653
00:25:04,549 --> 00:25:01,600
anyone want to take that one on

654
00:25:06,789 --> 00:25:04,559
uh i can i can take a jump at it but uh

655
00:25:09,029 --> 00:25:06,799
it's about 300 and

656
00:25:12,310 --> 00:25:09,039
it varies actually but varies between

657
00:25:15,190 --> 00:25:12,320
about 340 and 360 miles above the

658
00:25:18,149 --> 00:25:15,200
surface of the earth over the years of

659
00:25:20,230 --> 00:25:18,159
its mission it's not that far away from

660
00:25:23,590 --> 00:25:20,240
the surface of the earth it's it's in

661
00:25:25,510 --> 00:25:23,600
low earth orbit again not to get it a

662
00:25:27,669 --> 00:25:25,520
lot closer to the things that we're

663
00:25:29,750 --> 00:25:27,679
trying to observe with hubble but to

664
00:25:31,909 --> 00:25:29,760
simply get it above

665
00:25:34,310 --> 00:25:31,919
much of the earth's atmosphere so that

666
00:25:35,350 --> 00:25:34,320
we don't have to look through

667
00:25:40,710 --> 00:25:35,360
that

668
00:25:42,789 --> 00:25:40,720
look at

669
00:25:44,549 --> 00:25:42,799
and also the atmosphere of the earth

670
00:25:46,470 --> 00:25:44,559
actually filters out some of the light

671
00:25:48,149 --> 00:25:46,480
that we want to capture with hubble like

672
00:25:50,549 --> 00:25:48,159
ultraviolet light

673
00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:50,559
so it's not very far up it was deployed

674
00:25:54,310 --> 00:25:52,240
there also because that's where the

675
00:25:56,310 --> 00:25:54,320
space shuttle could go and we wanted to

676
00:25:58,710 --> 00:25:56,320
use the space shuttle to take the the

677
00:26:00,870 --> 00:25:58,720
hubble up into orbit and to return to

678
00:26:02,470 --> 00:26:00,880
visit it several times

679
00:26:04,630 --> 00:26:02,480
you should note however that a lot of

680
00:26:06,870 --> 00:26:04,640
telescopes now in space and there are

681
00:26:09,110 --> 00:26:06,880
other space telescopes uh

682
00:26:10,950 --> 00:26:09,120
now and also in the future

683
00:26:12,710 --> 00:26:10,960
are not being put in low earth orbit

684
00:26:13,669 --> 00:26:12,720
some of them are being put much farther

685
00:26:15,990 --> 00:26:13,679
away

686
00:26:18,070 --> 00:26:16,000
the james webb space telescope to be

687
00:26:19,269 --> 00:26:18,080
launched next year the latter part of

688
00:26:21,510 --> 00:26:19,279
next year

689
00:26:23,110 --> 00:26:21,520
will be a million miles away at a place

690
00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:23,120
in space called

691
00:26:27,669 --> 00:26:25,760
l2 that that is quite

692
00:26:30,630 --> 00:26:27,679
far away we want to keep the webb

693
00:26:33,669 --> 00:26:30,640
telescope very cold we want those sun

694
00:26:35,990 --> 00:26:33,679
shields that you see in the image there

695
00:26:37,110 --> 00:26:36,000
protecting the telescope from sunlight

696
00:26:38,710 --> 00:26:37,120
and heat

697
00:26:40,789 --> 00:26:38,720
to be effective

698
00:26:43,190 --> 00:26:40,799
and we want to be able to have the most

699
00:26:45,190 --> 00:26:43,200
sensitive infrared observations possible

700
00:26:47,190 --> 00:26:45,200
so that's why the webb telescope will be

701
00:26:49,110 --> 00:26:47,200
put much farther away

702
00:26:51,830 --> 00:26:49,120
from earth than hubble

703
00:26:55,430 --> 00:26:53,750
absolutely i think we do have time for

704
00:26:57,669 --> 00:26:55,440
one more question and maybe michelle can

705
00:27:00,149 --> 00:26:57,679
take this one uh speaking of james webb

706
00:27:02,149 --> 00:27:00,159
which is coming next year um

707
00:27:03,909 --> 00:27:02,159
is hubble getting upgraded after james

708
00:27:07,269 --> 00:27:03,919
webb or what are we looking at with the

709
00:27:09,190 --> 00:27:07,279
future of our space telescopes

710
00:27:10,950 --> 00:27:09,200
well you know right now uh there is

711
00:27:13,190 --> 00:27:10,960
actually no plans to visit hubble with

712
00:27:14,630 --> 00:27:13,200
the astronauts again and and part of

713
00:27:16,470 --> 00:27:14,640
that is because we don't have the space

714
00:27:18,389 --> 00:27:16,480
shuttle so hubble is not actually in the

715
00:27:19,669 --> 00:27:18,399
correct orbit uh you know the space

716
00:27:22,310 --> 00:27:19,679
station for example is in a very

717
00:27:24,470 --> 00:27:22,320
different orbit than hubble so uh we

718
00:27:26,870 --> 00:27:24,480
hope that hubble keeps working as well

719
00:27:29,269 --> 00:27:26,880
as it is now maybe even for a decade the

720
00:27:31,190 --> 00:27:29,279
last mission that went up there in 2009

721
00:27:32,389 --> 00:27:31,200
replaced a number of the the cameras so

722
00:27:34,230 --> 00:27:32,399
the cameras are actually much younger

723
00:27:35,830 --> 00:27:34,240
than 30 years uh just a little bit more

724
00:27:37,430 --> 00:27:35,840
than 10 years old and they also did

725
00:27:38,870 --> 00:27:37,440
things like replace gyroscopes so that

726
00:27:40,470 --> 00:27:38,880
the telescope would be able to point

727
00:27:41,909 --> 00:27:40,480
itself very well

728
00:27:43,350 --> 00:27:41,919
so you know some of the things that i'm

729
00:27:44,870 --> 00:27:43,360
really excited about as far as what

730
00:27:47,110 --> 00:27:44,880
we're doing in the future hubble we're

731
00:27:49,269 --> 00:27:47,120
working on for example catalogs that

732
00:27:51,990 --> 00:27:49,279
astronomers all around the world can use

733
00:27:53,669 --> 00:27:52,000
catalogs of of say star regions where

734
00:27:54,710 --> 00:27:53,679
where young stars are being formed right

735
00:27:55,909 --> 00:27:54,720
now

736
00:27:58,070 --> 00:27:55,919
another thing that we're doing that i'm

737
00:27:59,830 --> 00:27:58,080
very excited about is uh monitoring the

738
00:28:01,510 --> 00:27:59,840
atmospheres of planets like jupiter and

739
00:28:02,870 --> 00:28:01,520
saturn so a lot of people have heard

740
00:28:04,549 --> 00:28:02,880
that the red spot of jupiter is

741
00:28:06,950 --> 00:28:04,559
shrinking it's actually changing color

742
00:28:09,110 --> 00:28:06,960
as well so hubble will be doing that too

743
00:28:10,789 --> 00:28:09,120
so so hubble has a huge future ahead of

744
00:28:12,950 --> 00:28:10,799
it and although we're not expecting to

745
00:28:14,710 --> 00:28:12,960
actually upgrade it at this point it's

746
00:28:17,029 --> 00:28:14,720
still going to be this incredibly

747
00:28:19,029 --> 00:28:17,039
relevant and wonderful observatory and

748
00:28:20,950 --> 00:28:19,039
uh when the james webb space telescope

749
00:28:22,710 --> 00:28:20,960
is launched later next year the two

750
00:28:25,029 --> 00:28:22,720
observatories we hope will be able to

751
00:28:26,630 --> 00:28:25,039
work in conjunction to some degree and

752
00:28:28,389 --> 00:28:26,640
this will allow us to do something

753
00:28:30,070 --> 00:28:28,399
called calibration where we make sure

754
00:28:32,230 --> 00:28:30,080
that one telescope is agreeing with the

755
00:28:33,830 --> 00:28:32,240
other telescope we can make our our

756
00:28:36,070 --> 00:28:33,840
images and our measurements as accurate

757
00:28:37,350 --> 00:28:36,080
as they can possibly be so that's that's

758
00:28:39,590 --> 00:28:37,360
something i'm looking forward to next

759
00:28:41,350 --> 00:28:39,600
year it's going to be a big event

760
00:28:42,630 --> 00:28:41,360
yeah it's going to be awesome

761
00:28:44,710 --> 00:28:42,640
well thank you all for sending in these

762
00:28:46,230 --> 00:28:44,720
questions unfortunately we're going to

763
00:28:47,430 --> 00:28:46,240
have to wrap things up for today but if

764
00:28:49,110 --> 00:28:47,440
we didn't get to your question here

765
00:28:51,350 --> 00:28:49,120
we'll try to answer it later on social

766
00:28:52,789 --> 00:28:51,360
media thank you for joining us we love

767
00:28:54,470 --> 00:28:52,799
sharing these newly released hubble

768
00:28:56,549 --> 00:28:54,480
images of objects from the caldwell

769
00:28:58,470 --> 00:28:56,559
catalog with you all the images we

770
00:29:01,510 --> 00:28:58,480
talked about and many more can be found

771
00:29:03,510 --> 00:29:01,520
online at nasa.gov hubble there you can

772
00:29:05,110 --> 00:29:03,520
also find more hubble content and fun

773
00:29:07,430 --> 00:29:05,120
online activities you can do with your

774
00:29:09,590 --> 00:29:07,440
family or on your own be sure to keep up

775
00:29:12,389 --> 00:29:09,600
with us on social media at nasa hubble

776
00:29:13,990 --> 00:29:12,399
on twitter facebook instagram and flickr